Index

A B C D E F H I J L M N O P R S T U V W

A

abstract datatypes and LOBs, 1-7

accessing a LOB

using the LOB APIs, 2-7

accessing external LOBs, 15-4

amount, 15-56

amount parameter

used with BFILEs, 15-14

appending

writing to the end of a LOB

internal persistent LOBs, 14-120

assigning OCILobLocator pointers, 6-13

B

BFILE class, See JDBC

BFILE-buffering, See JDBC

BFILEs

accessing, 15-4

converting to CLOB or NCLOB, 15-13

creating an object in object cache, 5-29

datatype, 1-7

DBMS_LOB read-only procedures, 6-11

DBMS_LOB, offset and amount parameters in bytes, 6-8

hard links and symbolic links not allowed, 3-6

locators, 2-4

maximum number of open, 3-7, 15-97

multithreaded server, 2-11

multithreaded server mode, 15-11

not affected by LOB storage properties, 4-8

OCI functions to read/examine values, 6-15, 6-23

OCI read-only functions, 6-16, 6-23

opening and closing using JDBC, 6-47

operating system files, and, 3-6

Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

opening/closing methods, 6-36

properties, 6-37

read-only methods, 6-37

Pro*C/C++ precompiler statements, 6-26

Pro*COBOL precompiler embedded SQL statements, 6-30

reading with DBMS_LOB, 6-10

rules for using, 3-6

security, 15-7

storage devices, 1-5

storing any operating system file, 1-7

streaming APIs, 6-55

using JDBC to read/examine, 6-42

using Pro*C/C++ precompiler to open and close, 6-27

bind variables, used with LOB locators in OCI, 6-14

binds

Blob class, 6-19

BLOB-buffering, See JDBC

BLOBs

class, See JDBC

datatype, 1-7

DBMS_LOB, offset and amount parameters in bytes, 6-8

modify using DBMS_LOB, 6-9

using JDBC to modify, 6-40

using JDBC to read/examine BLOB values, 6-40

using oracle.sql.BLOB methods to modify, 6-40

buffering

disable

internal persistent LOBs, 14-171

enable

internal persistent LOBs, 14-162

flush

internal persistent LOBs, 14-167

LOB buffering subsystem, 5-5

C

C++, See Pro*C/C++ precompiler

C, See OCI

CACHE / NOCACHE, 4-12

caches

object cache, 5-29

callback, 14-52, 14-120, 15-56

catalog views

v$temporary_lobs, 3-6

character data

varying width, 4-5

character set ID

getting the

internal persistent LOBs, 14-15

See CSID parameter

charactersets

multibyte, LONG and LOB datatypes, 13-14

CHUNK, 4-14

chunksize, 14-128

multiple of, to improve performance, 14-52

CHUNKSIZE and LOB storage properties, 4-8

CLOB class, See JDBC

CLOB-buffering, See JDBC

CLOBs

columns

varying- width character data, 4-5

datatype, 1-7

varying-width columns, 4-5

DBMS_LOB, offset and amount parameters in characters, 6-8

modify using DBMS_LOB, 6-9

opening and closing using JDBC, 6-46

reading/examining with JDBC, 6-41

using JDBC to modify, 6-41

Clone method, See Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

closing

all open BFILEs, 15-139

BFILEs with CLOSE, 15-131

BFILEs with FILECLOSE, 15-127

clustered tables, 11-10

COBOL, See Pro*COBOL precompiler

comparing

all or part of two LOBs

internal persistent LOBs, 14-71

all or parts of two BFILEs, 15-73

conventional path load, 3-3

conversion

explicit functions for PL/SQL, 10-3

conversion, implicit from CLOB to character type, 9-3

conversions

character set, 15-13

from binary data to character set, 15-13

implicit, between CLOB and VARCHAR2, 10-2

converting

to CLOB, 10-3

copy semantics, 1-6

internal LOBs, 8-6

copying

all or part of a LOB to another LOB

internal persistent LOBs, 14-93

LOB locator

internal persistent LOBs, 14-103

LOB locator for BFILE, 15-105

CSID parameter

setting OCILobRead and OCILobWrite to OCI_UCS2ID, 6-11

D

data interface for persistent LOBs, 13-1

multibyte charactersets, 13-14

DBMS_LOB

updating LOB with bind variable, 5-22

WRITE()

passing hexadecimal string to, 14-129

DBMS_LOB functions on a NULL LOB restriction, 4-2

DBMS_LOB package

available LOB procedures/functions, 6-3, 6-5

for temporary LOBs, 6-10

functions/procedures to modify BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB, 6-9

functions/procedures to read/examine internal and external LOBs, 6-10

LOADFROMFILE(), 15-14

multithreaded server, 2-11

multithreaded server mode, 15-11

offset and amount parameter guidelines, 6-8

open and close, JDBC replacements for, 6-44

opening/closing internal and external LOBs, 6-11

provide LOB locator before invoking, 6-7

read-only functions/procedures for BFILEs, 6-11

to work with LOBs, using, 6-7

WRITE()

guidelines, 14-129

DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH return value, 9-8

DBMS_LOB.isTemporary(), previous workaround for JDBC, 14-184

DBMS_LOB.READ, 15-56

directories

catalog views, 15-9

guidelines for usage, 15-10

ownership and privileges, 15-8

DIRECTORY name specification, 15-7

DIRECTORY object, 15-4

catalog views, 15-9

getting the alias and filename, 15-111

guidelines for usage, 15-10

names on Windows NT, 15-7

naming convention, 15-7

READ permission on object not individual files, 15-8

rules for using, 3-6

symbolic links, 3-6

symbolic links, and, 3-6

directory objects, 15-4

direct-path load, 3-3

displaying

LOB data for internal persistent LOBs, 14-42

domain indexing on LOB columns, 4-15

E

embedded SQL statements, See Pro*C/C++ precompiler and Pro*COBOL precompiler

empty LOBs

creating using JDBC, 6-60

JDBC, 6-60

EMPTY_BLOB() and EMPTY_CLOB, LOB storage properties for, 4-8

EMPTY_CLOB()/BLOB()

to initialize internal LOB

equal

one LOB locator to another

internal persistent LOBs, 14-111

erasing

part of LOB

internal persistent LOBs, 14-154

error message documentation, database, i-xxix

examples

repercussions of mixing SQL DML with DBMS_LOB, 5-17

updated LOB locators, 5-19

updating a LOB with a PL/SQL variable, 5-22

existence

check for BFILE, 15-89

extensible indexes, 4-16

external callout, 5-7

external LOBs (BFILEs)

See BFILEs

external LOBs (BFILEs), See BFILEs

F

FILECLOSEALL(), 15-10

flushing

LOB buffer, 5-6

flushing buffer, 5-2

FOR UPDATE clause

LOB locator, 5-14

function-based indexes on LOB columns, 4-16

H

hard links, rules with BFILEs, 3-6

hexadecimal string

passing to DBMS_LOB.WRITE(), 14-129

I

implicit assignment and parameter passing for LOB columns, 13-5

implicit conversion of CLOB to character type, 9-3

Improved LOB Usability, Accessing LOBs Using SQL Character Functions, 9-2

indexes

function-based, 4-16

rebuilding after LONG-to-LOB migration, 11-11

indexes on LOB columns

bitmap index not supported, 4-16

B-tree index not supported, 4-16

domain indexing, 4-15

indexes, restrictions, 11-11

index-organized tables, restrictions for LOB columns, 4-22

initializing

during CREATE TABLE or INSERT, 8-7

internal LOB attributes cannot be initialized to a value, 4-3

internal LOBs, See LOBs

internal LOBs

using EMPTY_CLOB(), EMPTY_BLOB()

initializing a LOB column to a non-null value, 4-3

in-line storage, 4-7

INSERT statements

binds of greater than 4000 bytes, 13-8

inserting

a row by initializing a LOB locator

internal persistent LOBs, 8-8

a row by initializing BFILE locator, 15-148

interfaces for LOBs, see programmatic environments

IS NULL return value for LOBs, 9-13

IS NULL usage with LOBs, 9-13

J

Java, See JDBC

JDBC

available LOB methods/properties, 6-5

BFILE class

BFILE streaming APIs, 6-55

BFILE-buffering, 6-43

BLOB and CLOB classes

calling DBMS_LOB package, 6-38

changing internal LOBs with Java using objects oracle.sql.BLOB/CLOB, 6-37

checking if BLOB is temporary, 14-183

checking if CLOB is temporary, 14-184

CLOB streaming APIs, 6-53

empty LOBs, 6-60

encapsulating locators

methods/properties for BLOB-buffering, 6-41

methods/properties for CLOB-buffering, 6-42

modifying BLOB values, 6-40

modifying CLOB values, 6-41

newStreamLob.java, 6-55

opening and closing BFILEs, 6-47

opening and closing CLOBs, 6-46

opening and closing LOBs, 6-44

reading internal LOBs and external LOBs (BFILEs) with Java, 6-38

reading/examining BLOB values, 6-40

reading/examining CLOB values, 6-41

reading/examining external LOB (BFILE) values, 6-42

referencing LOBs, 6-38

streaming APIs for LOBs, 6-52

syntax references, 6-39

trimming LOBs, 6-51

using OracleResultSet to reference LOBs, 6-38

using OUT parameter from OraclePreparedStatement to reference LOBs, 6-38

writing to empty LOBs, 6-60

JDBC and Empty LOBs, 6-60

L

LBS, See Lob Buffering Subsystem (LBS)

length

an internal persistent LOB, 14-86

getting BFILE, 15-97

LENGTH return value for LOBs, 9-8

a LOB with BFILE data, 15-13

LOB with data from a BFILE, 14-17

LOB, 5-27

LOB attributes

defined, 1-7

LOB buffering

BLOB-buffering with JDBC, 6-41

buffer-enabled locators, 5-8

example, 5-5

flushing the buffer, 5-6

flushing the updated LOB through LBS, 5-7

guidelines, 5-2

OCI example, 5-9

OCI functions, 6-17

OCILobFlushBuffer(), 5-7

Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

methods for internal LOBs, 6-36

physical structure of buffer, 5-4

Pro*C/C++ precompiler statements, 6-27

Pro*COBOL precompiler statements, 6-30

usage notes, 5-4

LOB Buffering SubSystem (LBS)

LOB Buffering Subsystem (LBS)

advantages, 5-2

buffer-enabled locators, 5-7

buffering example using OCI, 5-9

example, 5-5

flushing

updated LOB, 5-7

flushing the buffer, 5-6

guidelines, 5-2

saving the state of locator to avoid reselect, 5-8

usage, 5-4

LOB columns

initializing internal LOB to a value, 4-3

initializing to contain locator, 2-4

initializing to NULL or Empty, 4-2

LOB locator

copy semantics, 1-6

external LOBs (BFILEs), 1-6

internal LOBs, 1-6

out-bind variables in OCI, 6-14

reference semantics, 1-6

LOB locators, always stored in row, 4-8

LOB storage

format of varying width character data, 4-5

in-line and out-of-line storage properties, 4-7

LOBs, 5-29

abstract datatypes, members of, 1-7

attributes and abstract datatypes, 1-7

attributes and object cache, 5-29

buffering

caveats, 5-2

pages can be aged out, 5-7

buffering subsystem, 5-2

buffering usage notes, 5-4

datatypes versus LONG, 1-3

external (BFILEs), 1-5

flushing, 5-2

in partitioned tables, 4-18

in the object cache, 5-29

interfaces, See programmatic environments

interMEDIA, 1-8

internal

creating an object in object cache, 5-29

internal LOBs

CACHE / NOCACHE, 4-12

CHUNK, 4-14

ENABLE | DISABLE STORAGE IN ROW, 4-14

initializing, 15-56

introduced, 1-4

locators, 2-4

locking before updating, 14-4, 14-93, 14-121, 14-129, 14-143, 14-154

LOGGING / NOLOGGING, 4-13

Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O), modifying methods, 6-35

PCTVERSION, 4-10

setting to empty, 4-3

tablespace and LOB index, 4-10

tablespace and storage characteristics, 4-8

transactions, 1-4

locators, 2-4, 5-14

object cache, 5-29

piecewise operations, 5-17

read consistent locators, 5-14

reason for using, 1-2

setting to contain a locator, 2-4

setting to NULL, 4-2

tables

creating indexes, 4-19

moving partitions, 4-19

splitting partitions, 4-20

unstructured data, 1-3

updated LOB locators, 5-16

varying-width character data, 4-6

locators, 2-4

BFILEs, 15-11

guidelines, 15-12

two rows can refer to the same file, 15-11

buffer-enabled, 5-8

external LOBs (BFILEs), 2-4

LOB, cannot span transactions, 5-27

multiple, 5-14

OCI functions, 6-16, 6-23

Pro*COBOL precompiler statements, 6-30

providing in Pro*COBOL precompiler, 6-27

read consistent, 5-6, 5-9, 5-14, 5-22, 5-27

read consistent locators, 5-14

read consistent, updating, 5-14

reading and writing to a LOB using, 5-25

saving the state to avoid reselect, 5-8

see if LOB locator is initialized

internal persistent LOBs, 14-117

selecting within a transaction, 5-26

selecting without current transaction, 5-25

setting column to contain, 2-4

transaction boundaries, 5-24

updated, 5-6, 5-16, 5-22

updating, 5-27

LOGGING

migrating LONG-to-LOBs, 11-3

LOGGING / NOLOGGING, 4-13

LONG versus LOB datatypes, 1-3

LONG-to-LOB Migration, 11-2

LONG-to-LOB migration

ALTER TABLE, 11-4

clustered tables, 11-10

LOGGING, 11-3

NULLs, 11-11

rebuilding indexes, 11-11

replication, 11-2

triggers, 11-11

lONG-to-LOB migration

PL/SQL, 13-4

M

migrating

LONG to LOBs, see LONG-to-LOB, 11-2

LONG-to-LOB using ALTER TABLE, 11-4

LONG-to-LOBs, constraints maintained, 11-5

LONG-to-LOBs, indexing, 11-11

multibyte character sets, using with the data interface for LOBs, 13-14

multithreaded server

BFILEs, 2-11, 15-11

N

national language support

NCLOBs, 1-7

NCLOB parameters allowed as attributes, ii-xl

NCLOBs

datatype, 1-7

DBMS_LOB, offset and amount parameters in characters, 6-8

modify using DBMS_LOB, 6-9

NewStreamLob.java, 6-55

NOCOPY, using to pass temporary LOB parameters by reference, 7-3

IS, 9-13

NULL LOB value, LOB storage for, 4-8

NULL LOB values, LOB storage properties for, 4-7

NULL LOB, restrictions calling OCI and DBMS_LOB functions, 4-2

NULL usage with LOBs, 9-13

O

object cache, 5-29

creating an object in, 5-29

LOBs, 5-29

OCCI

compared to other interfaces, 6-3

LOB functionality, 6-17

OCCI Bfile class, 6-23

OCCI Blob class

read, 6-20

write, 6-20

OCCI Clob class, 6-18

read, 6-20

write, 6-20

OCI

available LOB functions, 6-3

character set rules, fixed-width and varying-width, 6-12

functions for BFILEs, 6-16, 6-23

functions for temporary LOBs, 6-16, 6-23

functions to modify internal LOB values, 6-15, 6-22

functions to open/close internal and external LOBs, 6-17, 6-24

functions to read or examine internal and external LOB values, 6-15, 6-23

LOB buffering example, 5-9

LOB locator functions, 6-16, 6-23

Lob-buffering functions, 6-17

NCLOB parameters, 6-13, 6-21

OCILobFileGetLength

CLOB and NCLOB input and output length, 6-12

OCILobRead

varying-width CLOB and NCLOB input and amount amounts, 6-12

OCILobWrite

varying-width CLOB and NCLOB input and amount amounts, 6-13, 6-20

offset and amount parameter rules

fixed-width character sets, 6-19

setting OCILobRead, OCILobWrite to OCI_UCS2ID, 6-11

using to work LOBs, 6-11

OCI functions on a NULL LOB restriction, 4-2

OCILobAssign(), 5-3

OCILobFileSetName(), 15-7, 15-12

OCILobFlushBuffer(), 5-7

OCILobLoadFromFile(), 15-14

OCILobLocator in assignment "=" operations, 6-13

OCILobLocator, out-bind variables, 6-14

OCILobRead

BFILEs, 15-56

OCILobRead(), 14-42, 14-52, 15-56

OCILobWriteAppend(), 14-121

OCIObjectFlush(), 15-12

OCIObjectNew(), 15-12

OCISetAttr(), 15-12

offset parameter, in DBMS_LOB operations, 6-8

OLEDB, 6-60

OO4O, See Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

open

checking for open BFILEs with FILEISOPEN(), 15-41

checking if BFILE is open with ISOPEN, 15-32

open, determining whether a LOB is open, 14-34

opening

BFILEs using FILEOPEN, 15-28

BFILEs with OPEN, 15-21

opening and closing LOBs

using JDBC, 6-44

ORA-17098

empty LOBs and JDBC, 6-60

OraBfile, See Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

OraBlob, See Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

Oracle Call Interface, See OCI

Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

available LOB methods/properties, 6-5

internal LOB buffering, 6-36

methods and properties to access data stored in BLOBs, CLOBs, NCLOBs, and BFILEs, 6-33

modifying internal LOBs, 6-35

opening/closing external LOBs (BFILEs), 6-36

OraBfile example

OraBlob example

OraBlob, OraClob, and OraBfile encapsulate locators, 6-32

properties for operating on external LOBs (BFILEs), 6-37

properties for operating on LOBs, 6-36

reading/examining internal LOB and external LOB (BFile) values, 6-35

read-only methods for external LOBs (BFILEs), 6-37

syntax reference, 6-31

using Clone method to retain locator independent of dynaset, 6-32

OraclePreparedStatement, See JDBC

OracleResultSet, See JDBC

oracle.sql.BFILE

BFILE-buffering, 6-43

JDBC methods to read/examine BFILEs, 6-42

oracle.sql.BLOB

for modifying BLOB values, 6-40

reading/examining BLOB values, 6-40

See JDBC

oracle.sql.BLOBs

BLOB-buffering

oracle.sql.CLOB

CLOB-buffering

JDBC methods to read/examine CLOB values, 6-41

modifying CLOB values, 6-41

oracle.sql.CLOBs

See JDBC

OraOLEDB, 6-60

out-of-line storage, 4-7

P

partitioned index-organized tables

restrictions for LOB columns, 4-22

pattern

check if it exists in BFILE using instr, 15-82

see if it exists IN LOB using (instr)

internal persistent LOBs, 14-79

PCTINCREASE parameter, recommended value for LOBs, 5-33

PCTVERSION, 4-10

performance

guidelines

reading/writing large data chunks, 7-2

reading/writing large data chunks, temporary LOBs, 7-4

PL/SQL, 6-2

and LOBs, semantics changes, 10-2

changing locator-data linkage, 10-5

CLOB variables in, 10-4

CLOB variables in PL/SQL, 10-4

CLOB versus VARCHAR2 comparison, 10-6

CLOBs passed in like VARCHAR2s, 10-3

defining a CLOB Variable on a VARCHAR, 10-3

freeing temporary LOBs automatically and manually, 10-5

using in LONG-to-LOB migration, 13-4

polling, 14-52, 14-120, 15-56

Pro*C/C++ precompiler

available LOB functions, 6-3

LOB buffering, 6-27

locators, 6-26

modifying internal LOB values, 6-25

opening and closing internal LOBs and external LOBs (BFILEs), 6-27

providing an allocated input locator pointer, 6-24

reading or examining internal and external LOB values, 6-26

statements for BFILEs, 6-26

statements for temporary LOBs, 6-26

Pro*COBOL precompiler

available LOB functions, 6-3

LOB buffering, 6-30

locators, 6-30

modifying internal LOB values, 6-29

providing an allocated input locator, 6-27

reading or examining internal and external LOBs, 6-29

statements for BFILEs, 6-30

temporary LOBs, 6-29

programmatic environments

available functions, 6-3

compared, 6-3

programmatic environments for LOBs, 6-2

R

read consistency

LOBs, 5-14

read consistent locators, 5-6, 5-9, 5-14, 5-22, 5-27

reading

data from a LOB

internal persistent LOBs, 14-52

large data chunks, performance guidelines, 7-2

large data chunks, temporary LOBs, 7-4

portion of BFILE data using substr, 15-66

portion of LOB using substr

internal persistent LOBs, 14-63

small amounts of data, enable buffering, 14-162

reference semantics, 8-6

BFILEs enables multiple BFILE columns for each record, 15-6

replication, 11-2

restrictions

binds of more than 4000 bytes, 13-8

cannot call OCI or DBMS_LOB functions on a NULL LOB, 4-2

clustered tables, 11-10

indexes, 11-11

index-organized tables and LOBs, 4-22

on LOBs, 2-8

removed, ii-xxxix

replication, 11-2

triggers, 11-11

RETURNING clause, using with INSERT to initialize a LOB, 4-3

round-trips to the server, avoiding, 5-2, 5-9

rules for using directory objects and BFILEs, 3-6

S

security

BFILEs, 15-7

BFILEs using SQL DDL, 15-9

BFILEs using SQL DML, 15-9

SELECT statement

read consistency, 5-14

semantics

copy-based for internal LOBs, 8-6

reference based for BFILEs, 15-6

SESSION_MAX_OPEN_FILES parameter, 3-7

setting

internal LOBs to empty, 4-3

LOBs to NULL, 4-2

overrides for NLS_LANG variable

SQL

Character Functions, improved, 9-2

features where LOBs cannot be used, 9-11

SQL DDL

BFILE security, 15-9

SQL DML

BFILE security, 15-9

SQL functions on LOBs

return type, 9-8

return value, 9-8

temporary LOBs returned, 9-8

SQL semantics and LOBs, 9-11

SQL semantics supported for use with LOBs, 9-2

SQL*Loader

conventional path load, 3-3

direct-path load, 3-3

streaming, 14-42

do not enable buffering, when using, 14-162

write, 14-128

streaming APIs

NewStreamLob.java, 6-55

using JDBC and BFILEs, 6-55

using JDBC and CLOBs, 6-53

using JDBC and LOBs, 6-52

symbolic links, rules with DIRECTORY objects and BFILEs, 3-6

system owned object, See DIRECTORY object

T

temporary BLOB

checking if temporary using JDBC, 14-183

temporary CLOB

checking if temporary using JDBC, 14-184

temporary LOBs

checking if LOB is temporary, 14-178

DBMS_LOB available functions/procedures, 6-10

OCI functions, 6-16, 6-23

Pro*C/C++ precompiler embedded SQL statements, 6-26

Pro*COBOL precompiler statements, 6-29

returned from SQL functions, 9-8

TO_BLOB(),TO_CHAR(), TO_NCHAR(), 10-3

TO_CLOB()

converting VARCHAR2,NVARCHAR2,NCLOB to CLOB, 10-3

TO_NCLOB(), 10-3

transaction boundaries

LOB locators, 5-24

transaction IDs, 5-25

transactions

external LOBs do not participate in, 1-6

IDs of locators, 5-24

internal LOBs participate in database transactions, 1-4

LOB locators cannot span, 5-27

locators with non-serializable, 5-25

locators with serializable, 5-25

migrating from, 5-7

triggers

LONG-to-LOB migration, 11-11

trimming

LOB data

internal persistent LOBs, 14-143

trimming LOBs using JDBC, 6-51

U

UCS2 Unicode character set

varying width character data, 4-5

UNICODE

VARCHAR2 and CLOBs support, 9-7

unstructured data, 1-3

UPDATE statements

binds of greater than 4000 bytes, 13-8

updated locators, 5-6, 5-16, 5-22

updating

avoid the LOB with different locators, 5-19

LOB values using one locator, 5-19

LOB values, read consistent locators, 5-14

LOB with PL/SQL bind variable, 5-22

LOBs using SQL and DBMS_LOB, 5-17

locators, 5-27

locking before, 14-93

locking prior to, 14-4, 14-143, 14-154

V

VARCHAR2

accessing CLOB data when treated as, 10-2

also RAW, applied to CLOBs and BLOBs, 9-11

defining CLOB variable on, 10-3

VARCHAR2, using SQL functions and operators with LOBs, 9-2

VARRAY

LOB restriction, 2-9

varying-width character data, 4-5

views on DIRECTORY object, 15-9

Visual Basic, See Oracle Objects for OLE(OO4O)

W

WHERE Clause Usage with LOBs, 9-13

writing

data to a LOB

internal persistent LOBs, 14-128

large data chunks, performance guidelines, 7-2

large data chunks, temporary LOBs, 7-4

singly or piecewise, 14-120

small amounts of data, enable buffering, 14-162