Glossary

An extent or region of dimensional space.

Descriptive information characterizing a geographical feature such as a point, line, or area.

Nondimensional data that provides additional descriptive information about multidimensional data, for example, a class or feature such as a bridge or a road.

A sphere that has the same surface area as a particular oblate ellipsoid of revolution representing the figure of the Earth.

An operation that simultaneously geocodes many records from one table. See also geocoding.

1. The lower or upper extent of the range of a dimension, expressed by a numeric value.

2. The line representing the outline of a polygon.

A coordinate system in which the location of a point in n-dimensional space is defined by distances from the point to the reference plane. Distances are measured parallel to the planes intersecting a given reference plane. See also coordinate system.

A geometric relationship where one object encompasses another and the inner object does not touch any boundaries of the outer. The outer object contains the inner object. See also inside.

A simple convex polygon that completely encloses the associated geometry object.

A set of values uniquely defining a point in an n-dimensional coordinate system.

A reference system for the unique definition for the location of a point in n-dimensional space. Also called a spatial reference system. See also Cartesian coordinate system, geodetic coordinates, projected coordinates, and local coordinates.

A geometric relationship in which one object encompasses another and the inner object touches the boundary of the outer object in one or more places.

A repository of information about data. A data dictionary stores relational information on all objects in a database.

See transformation.

Data that has one or more dimensional components and is described by multiple values.

The direction of an LRS geometric segment is indicated from the start point of the geometric segment to the end point. Measures of points on a geometric segment always increase along the direction of the geometric segment.

A geometric relationship where two objects do not interact in any way. Two disjoint objects do not share any element or piece of their geometry.

A basic building block (point, line string, or polygon) of a geometry.

A geometric relationship in which two objects are considered to represent the same geometric figure. The two objects must be composed of the same number of points; however, the ordering of the points defining the two objects' geometries may differ (clockwise or counterclockwise).

A rectangle bounding a map, the size of which is determined by the minimum and maximum map coordinates.

An object with a distinct set of characteristics in a spatial database.

The process of converting tables of address data into standardized address, location, and possibly other data. See also batch geocoding.

Angular coordinates (longitude and latitude) closely related to spherical polar coordinates and defined relative to a particular Earth geodetic datum. Also referred to as geographic coordinates.

A means of representing the figure of the Earth, usually as an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, that approximates the surface of the Earth locally or globally, and is the reference for the system of geodetic coordinates.

See geodetic coordinates.

A computerized database management system used for the capture, conversion, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data.

See spatiotemporal data.

The geometric representation of the shape of a spatial feature in some coordinate space. A geometry is an ordered sequence of vertices that are connected by straight line segments or circular arcs.

See spatiotemporal data.

See geographic information system (GIS).

A data structure composed of points located at the nodes of an imaginary grid. The spacing of the nodes is constant in both the horizontal and vertical directions.

A subelement of a polygon that negates a section of its interior. For example, consider a polygon representing a map of buildable land with an inner polygon (a hole) representing where a lake is located.

Spatial data of one feature type such as points, lines, or regions.

In mathematics, any space having more than the three standard X, Y, and Z dimensions. Sometimes referred to as multidimensional data.

A database object that is used for fast and efficient access to stored information.

A geometric relationship where one object is surrounded by a larger object and the inner object does not touch the boundary of the outer. The smaller object is inside the larger. See also contain.

A field in a database used to obtain access to stored information.

Synonym for reserved word.

North/south position of a point on the Earth defined as the angle between the normal to the Earth's surface at that point and the plane of the equator.

A collection of geometries having the same attribute set and stored in a geometry column.

A geometric object represented by a series of points, or inferred as existing between two coordinate points.

One or more pairs of points that define a line segment.

Any spatial object that can be treated as a logical set of linear segments.

Cartesian coordinates in a non-Earth (non-georeferenced) coordinate system.

East/west position of a point on the Earth defined as the angle between the plane of a reference meridian and the plane of a meridian passing through an arbitrary point.

The linear distance (in the LRS measure dimension) to a point measured from the start point (for increasing values) or end point (for decreasing values) of the geometric segment.

The measure values at the start and end of a geometric segment.

A single rectangle that minimally encloses a geometry or a collection of geometries.

A polygon collection geometry in which rings must be grouped by polygon, and the first ring of each polygon must be the exterior ring.

The perpendicular distance between a point along a geometric segment and the geometric segment. Offsets are positive if the points are on the left side along the segment direction and are negative if they are on the right side. Points are on a geometric segment if their offsets to the segment are zero.

A class of spatial objects having a nonzero area and perimeter, and representing a closed boundary region of uniform characteristics.

The operation that permits fast selection of candidate records to pass along to the secondary filter. The primary filter compares geometry approximations to reduce computation complexity and is considered a lower-cost filter. Because the primary filter compares geometric approximations, it returns a superset of the exact result set. See also secondary filter and two-tier query model.

Planar Cartesian coordinates that result from performing a mathematical mapping from a point on the Earth's surface to a plane. There are many such mathematical mappings, each used for a particular purpose.

The point on the LRS geometric segment with the minimum distance to the specified point.

A measure of distance between objects.

A set of conditions or questions that form the basis for the retrieval of information from a database.

Area within which the retrieval of spatial information and related attributes is performed.

See Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).

A process, function, or routine that executes continuously until a specified condition is met.

An extent or area of multidimensional space.

A computer program designed to store and retrieve shared data. In a relational system, data is stored in tables consisting of one or more rows, each containing the same set of columns. Oracle Database is an object-relational database management system. Other types of database systems are called hierarchical or network database systems.

The number of subdivision levels of data.

The ratio of the distance on a map, photograph, or image to the corresponding image on the ground, all expressed in the same units.

The operation that applies exact computations to geometries that result from the primary filter. The secondary filter yields an accurate answer to a spatial query. The secondary filter operation is computationally expensive, but it is only applied to the primary filter results, not the entire data set. See also primary filter and two-tier query model.

Points that are specified when an LRS segment is constructed, and that are assigned measure information.

The operation of arranging a set of items according to a key that determines the sequence and precedence of items.

A generic term used to reference the mathematical concept of n-dimensional data.

Data that is referenced by its location in n-dimensional space. The position of spatial data is described by multiple values. See also hyperspatial data.

A model of how objects are located on a spatial context.

A class of data structures designed to store spatial information and facilitate its manipulation.

A database containing information indexed by location.

A query in which each of the geometries in one layer is compared with each of the geometries in the other layer. Comparable to a spatial cross product.

A query that includes criteria for which selected features must meet location conditions.

See coordinate system.

Data that contains time and/or location components as one of its dimensions, also referred to as geographically referenced data or georeferenced data.

A utility to load formatted data into spatial tables.

The distance that two points can be apart and still be considered the same (for example, to accommodate rounding errors). The tolerance value must be a positive number greater than zero. The significance of the value depends on whether or not the spatial data is associated with a geodetic coordinate system.

A geometric relationship where two objects share a common point on their boundaries, but their interiors do not intersect.

The conversion of coordinates from one coordinate system to another coordinate system. If the coordinate system is georeferenced, transformation can involve datum transformation: the conversion of geodetic coordinates from one geodetic datum to another geodetic datum, usually involving changes in the shape, orientation, and center position of the reference ellipsoid.

The query model used by Spatial to resolve spatial queries and spatial joins. Two distinct filtering operations (primary and secondary) are performed to resolve queries. The output of both operations yields the exact result set. See also primary filter and secondary filter.