SET TRANSACTION

Purpose

Use the SET TRANSACTION statement to establish the current transaction as read only or read write, establish its isolation level, or assign it to a specified rollback segment.

The operations performed by a SET TRANSACTION statement affect only your current transaction, not other users or other transactions. Your transaction ends whenever you issue a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement. Oracle implicitly commits the current transaction before and after executing a data definition language (DDL) statement.

Prerequisites

If you use a SET TRANSACTION statement, then it must be the first statement in your transaction. However, a transaction need not have a SET TRANSACTION statement.

Syntax

set_transaction::=

Text description of set_transaction

Semantics

READ ONLY

The READ ONLY clause establishes the current transaction as a read-only transaction. This clause established transaction-level read consistency.

All subsequent queries in that transaction only see changes committed before the transaction began. Read-only transactions are useful for reports that run multiple queries against one or more tables while other users update these same tables.

Restriction on Read-only Transactions

Only the following statements are permitted in a read-only transaction:

• Subqueries (that is, SELECT statements without the for_update_clause)
• LOCK TABLE
• SET ROLE
• ALTER SESSION
• ALTER SYSTEM

  See Also: Oracle9i Database Concepts

READ WRITE

Specify READ WRITE to establish the current transaction as a read/write transaction. This clause establishes statement-level read consistency, which is the default.

Restriction on Read/Write Transactions

You cannot toggle between transaction-level and statement-level read consistency in the same transaction.

ISOLATION LEVEL Clause

Use the ISOLATION LEVEL clause to specify how transactions containing database modifications are handled.

• The SERIALIAZBLE setting specifies serializable transaction isolation mode as defined in the SQL92 standard. If a serializable transaction contains data manipulation language (DML) that attempts to update any resource that may have been updated in a transaction uncommitted at the start of the serializable transaction, then the DML statement fails.

  Note: The COMPATIBLE initialization parameter must be set to 7.3.0 or higher for SERIALIZABLE mode to work.

• The READ COMMITTED setting is the default Oracle transaction behavior. If the transaction contains DML that requires row locks held by another transaction, then the DML statement waits until the row locks are released.

USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT Clause

Specify USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT to assign the current transaction to the specified rollback segment. This clause also implicitly establishes the transaction as a read/write transaction.

This clause lets you to assign transactions of different types to rollback segments of different sizes. For example:

• If no long-running queries are concurrently reading the same tables, then you can assign small transactions to small rollback segments, which are more likely to remain in memory.
• You can assign transactions that modify tables that are concurrently being read by long-running queries to large rollback segments, so that the rollback information needed for the read-consistent queries is not overwritten.
• You can assign transactions that insert, update, or delete large amounts of data to rollback segments large enough to hold the rollback information for the transaction.

You cannot use the READ ONLY clause and the USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT clause in a single SET TRANSACTION statement or in different statements in the same transaction. Read-only transactions do not generate rollback information and therefore are not assigned rollback segments.

NAME Clause

Use the NAME clause to assign a name to the current transaction. This clause is especially useful in distributed database environments when you must identify and resolve in-doubt transactions. The text string is limited to 255 bytes.

If you specify a name for a distributed transaction, then when the transaction commits, the name becomes the commit comment, overriding any comment specified explicitly in the COMMIT statement.

Examples

Setting Transactions: Examples

The following statements could be run at midnight of the last day of every month to count the products and quantities on hand in the Toronto warehouse in the sample Order Entry (oe) schema. This report would not be affected by any other user who might be adding or removing inventory to a different warehouse.

COMMIT; 

SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY NAME 'Toronto'; 

SELECT product_id, quantity_on_hand FROM inventories
   WHERE warehouse_id = 5; 

COMMIT; 

The first COMMIT statement ensures that SET TRANSACTION is the first statement in the transaction. The last COMMIT statement does not actually make permanent any changes to the database. It simply ends the read-only transaction.

The following statement assigns your current transaction to the rollback segment rs_one:

SET TRANSACTION USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rs_one;