| Oracle® Database Advanced Security Administrator's Guide 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part Number B10772-01 |
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View PDF |
| Oracle® Database Advanced Security Administrator's Guide 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part Number B10772-01 |
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View PDF |
This chapter introduces Oracle Advanced Security, summarizing the security risks it addresses, and describing its features. These features are available to database and related products that interface with Oracle Net Services, including Oracle Database, Oracle Application Server, and Oracle Identity Management infrastructure.
This chapter contains the following topics:
To increase efficiency and lower costs, companies adopt strategies to automate business processes. One such strategy is to conduct more business on the Web, but that requires greater computing power, translating to higher IT costs. In response to rising IT costs, more and more businesses are considering enterprise grid computing architectures where inexpensive computers act as one powerful machine. While such strategies improve the bottom line, they introduce risks, which are associated with securing data in motion and managing an ever increasing number of user identities.
This section examines the security challenges of today's enterprise computing environments in the following topics:
Grid computing is a computing architecture that coordinates large numbers of servers and storage to act as a single large computer. It provides flexibility, lower costs, and IT investment protection because inexpensive, off-the-shelf components can be added to the grid as business needs change. While providing significant benefits, grid computing environments present unique security requirements because their computing resources are distributed and often heterogeneous. The following sections discuss these requirements.
Enterprise grid computing pools distributed business computing resources to cost effectively harness the power of clustered servers and storage. A distributed environment requires secure network connections. Even more critical in grid environments, it is necessary to have a uniform definition of "who is a user" and "what are they allowed to do." Without such uniform definitions, administrators frequently must assign, manage, and revoke authorizations for every user on different software applications to protect employee, customer, and partner information. This is expensive because it takes time, which drives up costs. Consequently, the cost savings gained with grid computing are lost.
Because grid computing environments often grow as business needs change, computing resources are added over time, resulting in diverse collections of hardware and software. Such heterogeneous environments require support for different types of authentication mechanisms which adhere to industry standards. Without strict adherence to industry standards, integrating heterogeneous components becomes costly and time consuming. Once again the benefits of grid computing are squandered when the appropriate infrastructure is not present.
Oracle databases power the largest and most popular Web sites on the Internet. In record numbers, organizations throughout the world are deploying distributed databases and client/server applications based on Oracle Database and Oracle Net Services. This proliferation of distributed computing is matched by an increase in the amount of information that organizations place on computers. Employee and financial records, customer orders, product information, and other sensitive data have moved from filing cabinets to file structures. The volume of sensitive information on the Web has thus increased the value of data that can be compromised.
The increased volume of data in distributed, heterogeneous environments exposes users to a variety of security threats, including the following:
Over the Internet and in wide area network environments, both public carriers and private networks route portions of their network through insecure land lines, vulnerable microwave and satellite links, or a number of servers-- exposing valuable data to interested third parties. In local area network environments within a building or campus, the potential exists for insiders with access to the physical wiring to view data not intended for them, and network sniffers can be installed to eavesdrop on network traffic.
Distributed environments bring with them the possibility that a malicious third party can compromise integrity by tampering with data as it moves between sites.
In a distributed environment, it is more feasible for a user to falsify an identity to gain access to sensitive information. How can you be sure that user Pat connecting to Server A from Client B really is user Pat?
Moreover, in distributed environments, malefactors can hijack connections. How can you be sure that Client B and Server A are what they claim to be? A transaction that should go from the Personnel system on Server A to the Payroll system on Server B could be intercepted in transit and re-routed to a terminal masquerading as Server B.
In large systems, users typically must remember multiple passwords for the different applications and services that they use. For example, a developer can have access to a development application on a workstation, a PC for sending e-mail, and several computers or intranet sites for testing, reporting bugs, and managing configurations.
Users typically respond to the problem of managing multiple passwords in several ways:
All of these strategies compromise password secrecy and service availability. Moreover, administration of multiple user accounts and passwords is complex, time-consuming, and expensive.
To solve enterprise computing security problems, Oracle Advanced Security provides industry standards-based data privacy, integrity, authentication, single sign-on, and access authorization in a variety of ways. For example, you can configure either Oracle Net native encryption or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for data privacy. Oracle Advanced Security also provides the choice of several strong authentication methods, including Kerberos, smart cards, and digital certificates.
Oracle Advanced Security provides the following security features:
Sensitive information that travels over enterprise networks and the Internet can be protected by encryption algorithms. An encryption algorithm transforms information into a form that can be deciphered with a decryption key.
Figure 1-1 shows how encryption works to ensure the security of a transaction. For example, if a manager approves a bonus, this data should be encrypted when sent over the network to avoid eavesdropping. If all communication between the client, the database, and the application server is encrypted, then when the manager sends the bonus amount to the database, it is protected.
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This section discusses the following topics:
Oracle Advanced Security provides the following encryption algorithms to protect the privacy of network data transmissions:
Selecting the network encryption algorithm is a user configuration option, providing varying levels of security and performance for different types of data transfers.
Prior versions of Oracle Advanced Security provided three editions: Domestic, Upgrade, and Export--each with different key lengths. 10g Release 1 (10.1) contains a complete complement of the available encryption algorithms and key lengths, previously only available in the Domestic edition. Users deploying prior versions of the product can obtain the Domestic edition for a specific product release.
The RC4 encryption module uses the RSA Security, Inc., RC4 encryption algorithm. Using a secret, randomly-generated key unique to each session, all network traffic is fully safeguarded--including all data values, SQL statements, and stored procedure calls and results. The client, server, or both, can request or require the use of the encryption module to guarantee that data is protected. Oracle's optimized implementation provides a high degree of security for a minimal performance penalty. For the RC4 algorithm, Oracle provides encryption key lengths of 40-bits, 56-bits, 128-bits, and 256-bits.
Oracle Advanced Security implements the U.S. Data Encryption Standard algorithm (DES) with a standard, optimized 56-bit key encryption algorithm, and also provides DES40, a 40-bit version, for backward compatibility.
Oracle Advanced Security also supports Triple-DES encryption (3DES), which encrypts message data with three passes of the DES algorithm. 3DES provides a high degree of message security, but with a performance penalty. The magnitude of penalty depends on the speed of the processor performing the encryption. 3DES typically takes three times as long to encrypt a data block as compared with the standard DES algorithm.
3DES is available in two-key and three-key versions, with effective key lengths of 112-bits and 168-bits, respectively. Both versions operate in outer Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode.
Approved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication 197, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a new cryptographic algorithm standard developed to replace DES. AES is a symmetric block cipher that can process data blocks of 128 bits, using cipher keys with lengths of 128, 192, and 256 bits, which are referred to as AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256, respectively. All three versions operate in outer-CBC mode.
To ensure the integrity of data packets during transmission, Oracle Advanced Security can generate a cryptographically secure message digest--using MD5 or SHA-1 hashing algorithms--and include it with each message sent across a network.
Data integrity algorithms add little overhead, and protect against the following attacks:
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Note: SHA-1 is slightly slower than MD5, but produces a larger message digest, making it more secure against brute-force collision and inversion attacks. |
| See Also:
Chapter 3, "Configuring Network Data Encryption and Integrity for Oracle Servers and Clients", for information about MD5 and SHA-1. |
Oracle Advanced Security Release 8.1.6 has been validated under U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1 (FIPS) at the Level 2 security level. This provides independent confirmation that Oracle Advanced Security conforms to federal government standards. FIPS configuration settings are described by Appendix D, "Oracle Advanced Security FIPS 140-1 Settings".
Authentication is used to prove the identity of the user. Authenticating user identity is imperative in distributed environments, without which there can be little confidence in network security. Passwords are the most common means of authentication. Oracle Advanced Security enables strong authentication with Oracle authentication adapters that support various third-party authentication services, including SSL with digital certificates.
Figure 1-2 shows user authentication with an Oracle database configured to use a third-party authentication server. Having a central facility to authenticate all members of the network (clients to servers, servers to servers, users to both clients and servers) is one effective way to address the threat of network nodes falsifying their identities.
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This section contains the following topics:
Centralized authentication also provides the benefit of single sign-on (SSO) for users. Single sign-on enables users to access multiple accounts and applications with a single password. A user only needs to log on once and can then automatically connect to any other service without having to give a username and password again. Single sign-on eliminates the need for the user to remember and administer multiple passwords, reducing the time spent logging into multiple services.
Figure 1-3 shows how a centralized network authentication service typically operates:
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Oracle Advanced Security supports the following industry-standard authentication methods:
Oracle Advanced Security support for Kerberos provides the benefits of single sign-on and centralized authentication of Oracle users. Kerberos is a trusted third-party authentication system that relies on shared secrets. It presumes that the third party is secure, and provides single sign-on capabilities, centralized password storage, database link authentication, and enhanced PC security. It does this through a Kerberos authentication server. See Chapter 6, "Configuring Kerberos Authentication" for information about configuring and using this adapter.
RADIUS is a client/server security protocol that is most widely known for enabling remote authentication and access. Oracle Advanced Security uses this standard in a client/server network environment to enable use of any authentication method that supports the RADIUS protocol. RADIUS can be used with a variety of authentication mechanisms, including token cards and smart cards. See Chapter 5, "Configuring RADIUS Authentication" for information about configuring and using this adapter.
A RADIUS-compliant smart card is a credit card-like hardware device. It has memory and a processor and is read by a smart card reader located at the client workstation.
Token cards (SecurID or RADIUS-compliant) can improve ease of use through several different mechanisms. Some token cards dynamically display one-time passwords that are synchronized with an authentication service. The server can verify the password provided by the token card at any given time by contacting the authentication service. Other token cards have a keypad and operate on a challenge-response basis. In this case, the server offers a challenge (a number) that the user enters into a token card. The token card provides a response (another number cryptographically derived from the challenge) that the user enters and sends to the server.
You can use SecurID tokens through the RADIUS adapter.
DCE is a set of integrated network services that works across multiple systems to provide a distributed environment. Oracle DCE Integration consists of the following two components:
Oracle DCE Integration provides applications the flexibility to have different levels of integration with DCE services. Depending on the need, applications can choose to integrate very tightly with the DCE services or choose to plug in the other security authentication services provided by Oracle Advanced Security. See Chapter 10, "Configuring Oracle DCE Integration" for information about configuring and using this adapter.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is an industry standard protocol for securing network connections. SSL provides authentication, data encryption, and data integrity.
The SSL protocol is the foundation of a public key infrastructure (PKI). For authentication, SSL uses digital certificates that comply with the X.509v3 standard, and a public and private key pair.
Oracle Advanced Security SSL can be used to secure communications between any client and any server. You can configure SSL to provide authentication for the server only, the client only, or both client and server. You can also configure SSL features in combination with other authentication methods supported by Oracle Advanced Security (database usernames and passwords, RADIUS, and Kerberos).
To support your PKI implementation, Oracle Advanced Security includes the following features in addition to SSL:
See Also:
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Oracle Advanced Security supports the public key infrastructure provided by the Entrust/PKI software from Entrust Technologies, Inc. Entrust-enabled Oracle Advanced Security lets Entrust users incorporate Entrust single sign-on into their Oracle applications, and it lets Oracle users incorporate Entrust-based single sign-on into Oracle applications. See Appendix F, "Entrust-Enabled SSL Authentication" for more information about this feature.
Enterprise user management is provided by the Enterprise User Security feature of Oracle Advanced Security. Enterprise User Security enables storing database users and their corresponding administrative and security information in a centralized directory server.
Figure 1-4 shows how a directory server can be used to provide centralized storage and management of user account, user role, and authentication information.
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This centralized configuration enables the administrator to modify information in one location, the directory. It also lowers the cost of administration and makes the enterprise more secure because there is only one set of user information to manage and track.
Enterprise User Security supports the following authentication methods:
Oracle Advanced Security complements an Oracle server or client installation with advanced security features. Figure 1-5 shows the Oracle Advanced Security architecture within an Oracle networking environment.
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Oracle Advanced Security supports authentication through adapters that are similar to the existing Oracle protocol adapters. As shown in Figure 1-6, authentication adapters integrate below the Oracle Net interface and let existing applications take advantage of new authentication systems transparently, without any changes to the application.
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| See Also:
Oracle Net Services Administrator's Guide, for more information about stack communications in an Oracle networking environment |
Oracle Advanced Security is fully supported by Oracle Connection Manager, making secure data transfer a reality across network protocol boundaries. Clients using LAN protocols such as NetWare (SPX/IPX), for example, can securely share data with large servers using different network protocols such as LU6.2, TCP/IP, or DECnet. To eliminate potential weak points in the network infrastructure and to maximize performance, Connection Manager passes encrypted data from protocol to protocol without the cost and exposure of decryption and re-encryption.
Oracle Advanced Security is an add-on product bundled with the Oracle Net Server or Oracle Net Client. It must be purchased and installed on both the client and the server.
Oracle Advanced Security 10g Release 1 (10.1) requires Oracle Net 10g Release 1 (10.1) and supports Oracle Database Enterprise Edition. Table 1-1 lists additional system requirements.
Oracle Applications support Oracle Advanced Security encryption and data integrity. However, because Oracle Advanced Security requires Oracle Net Services to transmit data securely, Oracle Advanced Security external authentication features are not supported by some parts of Oracle Financial, Human Resource, and Manufacturing Applications when they are running on Microsoft Windows. The portions of these products that use Oracle Display Manager (ODM) do not take advantage of Oracle Advanced Security, since ODM does not use Oracle Net Services.
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